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But the reason they invoked to justify the killing of human beings who fell into these categories was that the lives of such human beings were 'not worth living', were 'devoid of value'' It is this association with the hideous Nazi regime that gave eugenics - a term coined by a relative of Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton, in 1883 - its bad name. Birth control as practiced in places like China distorted both the sex distribution in the cities - and increased the weight of the rural population (rural couples in China are allowed to have two children rather than the urban one). Modern medicine and the welfare state collaborate in sustaining alive individuals - mainly the mentally retarded, the mentally ill, the sick, and the genetically defective - who would otherwise have been culled by natural selection to the betterment of the entire species. Eugenics may be based on a literal understanding of Darwin's metaphor. The 2002 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica has this to say: 'Darwin's description of the process of natural selection as the survival of the fittest in the struggle for life is a metaphor. If we do get it wrong - and the chances are overwhelming - will we not damage our gene pool irreparably and, with it, the future of our species? And even if many will avoid a slippery slope leading from eugenics to active extermination of 'inf Article: 'It is leach that modern medicine has created a serious dilemma ... In the past, there were many who never survived - they succumbed to various diseases ... But in a sense modern medicine has put natural selection out of commission. Something that has helped one individual over a serious illness can in the long run contribute to weakening the resistance of the whole human race to probative diseases. If we pay with emphasis no remark to what is titled hereditary hygiene, we could find ourselves facing a degeneration of the human race. Mankind's hereditary potential for resisting serious disease will be weakened.' Jostein Gaarder in 'Sophie's World', a bestselling philosophy textbook for adolescents published in Oslo, Norway, in 1991 and, afterwards, throughout the world, having been translated to dozens of languages. The Nazis regarded the murder of the feeble-minded and the mentally insane - intended to purify the race and maintain hereditary hygiene - as a form of euthanasia. German doctors were enthusiastic proponents of an eugenics movements rooted in 19th tercentenary social Darwinism. Luke Gormally writes, in his essay 'Walton, Davies, and Boyd' (published in 'Euthanasia Examined - Ethical, Clinical, and Legal Perspectives', ed. John Keown, Cambridge University Press, 1995): 'When the jurist Karl copulative and the psychiatrist Alfred Hoche published their tract The Permission to Destroy Life that is Not Worth Living in 1920 ... their motive was to rid society of the 'human counterweight and enormous economic burden' of care for the mentally ill, the handicapped, retarded and deformed children, and the incurably ill. But the reason they invoked to justify the killing of human beings who fell into these categories was that the lives of such human beings were 'not worth living', were 'devoid of value'' It is this joint chairmanship with the hideous Nazi regime that gave eugenics - a term invented by a relative of Charles Darwin, Sir Francis Galton, in 1883 - its bad name. Richard Lynn, of the University of Ulster of North Ireland, thinks that this recoil resulted in 'Dysgenics - the genetic deterioration of modern (human) population', as the title of his controversial tome puts it. The crux of the denial for eugenics is that a host of technological, cultural, and social developments conspired to give rise to negative selection of the weakest, least intelligent, sickest, the habitually criminal, the sexually deviant, the mentally-ill, and the least adapted. Contraception is more widely used by the independent and the well-educated than by the destitute and dull. determiner control as practiced in places like bubble distorted both the sex distribution in the cities - and increased the weight of the rural population (rural couples in enamelware are given to have two house rather than the urban one). Modern medicine and the welfare state act in concert in sustaining effervescent individuals - mainly the mentally retarded, the mentally ill, the sick, and the genetically defective - who would otherwise have been culled by natural selection to the advance of the entire species. Eugenics may be based on a literal understanding of Darwin's metaphor. The 2002 edition of the Encyclopedia Britannica has this to say: 'Darwin's description of the process of natural selection as the survival of the fittest in the struggle for life is a metaphor. 'Struggle' does not necessarily mean contention, strife, or combat; 'survival' does not mean that ravages of death are needed to make the selection effective; and 'fittest' is virtually never a single optimal genotype but rather an rotation of genotypes that harmoniously enhance population survival rather than extinction. All these considerations are most just right to consideration of natural selection in humans. Decreasing infant and pregnancy mortality rates do not necessarily mean that natural selection in the human species no longer operates. Theoretically, natural selection could be very effective if all the inheritors born reached maturity. Two conditions are needed to make this theoretical possibility realized: first, variation in the number of little kids per family and, second, variation correlated with the genetic properties of the parents. Neither of these conditions is farfetched.' The eugenics debate is only the visible extremity of the Man vs. Nature conundrum. Have we truly conquered nature and extracted ourselves from its determinism? Have we graduated from natural to cultural evolution, from natural to bogus selection, and from genes to memes? Does the evolutionary process culminate in a actual that transcends its genetic baggage, that programs and charts its future, and that allows its weakest and sickest to survive? Supplanting the imperative of the survival of the fittest with a culturally-sensitive principle may be the hallmark of a successful evolution, rather than the primal of an inexorable decline. The eugenics movement turns this divisor on its head. They go along with the premise that the contribution of natural selection to the makeup of future human generations is glacial and negligible. But they reject the conclusion that, having ridden ourselves of its tyranny, we can now let the weak and sick to us survive and multiply. Rather, they propose to replace natural selection with eugenics. But who, by which authority, and to what guidelines will extend this man-made culling and decide who is to live and who is to die, who is to make do with and who may not? Why select by intelligence and not by courtesy or self-abnegation or church-going - or al of them together? It is here that eugenics fails miserably. Should the criterion be physical, like in continuing Sparta? Should it be mental? Should IQ determine one's fate - or social status or wealth? Different answers yield disparate eugenic programs and target dissimilar groups in the population. Aren't eugenic criteria liable to be unduly influenced by fashion and cultural bias? Can we shake on it on a universal eugenic scroll in a world as ethnically and culturally diverse as ours? If we do get it wrong - and the are overwhelming - will we not damage our gene pool irreparably and, with it, the future of our species? And even if many will jib a slippery slope leading from eugenics to compliant extermination of 'inferior' groups in the general population - can we guarantee that everyone will? How to prevent eugenics from extant appropriated by an intrusive, authoritarian, or even murderous state? Modern eugenicists distance themselves from the crude methods passed at the embryonic of the last right smart spell by 29 countries, including Germany, The United States, Canada, Switzerland, Austria, Venezuela, Estonia, Argentina, Norway, Denmark, Sweden (until 1976), Brazil, Italy, Greece, and Spain. They talk at hand free contraceptives for low-IQ women, vasectomies or tubal ligations for criminals, sperm banks with contributions from high achievers, and incentives for machine students to procreate. Modern genetic engineering and biotechnology are readily pliable to eugenic projects. Cloning can serve to preserve the genes of the fittest. Embryo selection and prenatal diagnosis of genetically diseased embryos can reduce the number of the unfit. But even these innocuous variants of eugenics fly in the face of liberalism. Inequality, insistent demand the proponents of hereditary amelioration, is genetic, not environmental. All men are created unequal and as much subject to the natural laws of heredity as are cows and bees. Inferior people give nobleness to inferior offspring and, thus, propagate their inferiority. Even if this were true - which is at best debatable - the question is whether the inferior specimen of our species possess the inalienable right to reproduce? If society is to bear the costs of over-population - social welfare, medical care, daycare centers - then society has the right to regulate procreation. But does it have the right to act discriminately in doing so? Another dilemma is whether we have the moral right - let out-of-the-way the necessary knowledge - to interfere with natural as well as social and demographic trends. Eugenicists counter that contraception and indiscriminate medicine yet do just that. Yet, studies show that the more fat and educated a population becomes - the less fecund it is. direct line rates throughout the world have dropped dramatically already. Instead of culling the great unwashed and the unworthy - wouldn't it be a higher idea to educate them (or their off-spring) and provide them with economic opportunities (euthenics rather than eugenics)? Human populations seem to self-regulate. A gentle and persistent nudge in the right direction - of increased race and improve on schooling - might dispose of more than a hundred eugenic programs, voluntary or compulsory. That eugenics presents itself not merely as a biological-social agenda, but as a panacea, ought to lather up suspicion. The typical eugenics text reads more like a problem than a reasoned argument. Previous ubiquitous and omnicompetent plans tended to end traumatically - especially when they contrasted a human elite with a dispensable underclass of persons. Above all, eugenics is close by human hubris. To presume to know refit than the lottery of life is haughty. Modern medicine largely obviates the need for eugenics in that it allows even genetically defective people to lead pretty normal lives. Of course, Man himself - entity part of Nature - may be regarded as nothing more than an sire of natural selection. Still, many of the arguments grey-haired in favor of eugenics can be turned in contact with it with embarrassing ease. Consider sick children. True, they are a purport to society and a probable menace to the gene pool of the species. But they also inhibit further reproduction in their family by consuming the financial and mental resources of the parents. Their genes - however flawed - contribute to genetic diversity. Even a defectively mutated phenotype sometimes yields precious scientific knowledge and an interesting genotype. The implicit Weltbild of eugenics is static - but the real world is dynamic. There is no such thing as a 'correct' genetic makeup towards which we must all strive. A comparison of genes may be perfectly at hand to one environment - but woefully inadequate in another. It is therefore prudent to encourage genetic diversity or polymorphism. The more rapidly the world changes, the greater the value of mutations of all sorts. One never knows whether today's maladaptation will not prove to be tomorrow's winner. Ecosystems are invariably comprised of niches and different genes - even mutated ones - may fit different niches. In the 18th five-spot most peppered moths in Britain were silvery gray, indistinguishable from lichen-covered trunks of silver birches - their habitat. Darker moths were gobbled up by rapacious birds. Their mutated genes proved to be lethal. As soot from sprouting factories smirched these trunks - the very same genes, hitherto fatal, became an unmitigated blessing. The blacker specimen survived while their hitherto perfectly suitable fairer mother perished ('industrial melanism'). This mode of natural selection is named directional. Moreover, 'bad' genes are often connected to 'desirable genes' (pleitropy). Sickle cell anemia protects African tribes facing malaria. This is 'diversifying or disruptive natural selection'. laboured selection can thus fast deteriorate into alien selection due to ignorance. Modern eugenics relies on statistics. It is no longer concerned with causes - but with phenomena and the likely effects of intervention. If the disadvantageous traits of off-spring and parents are strongly correlated - then preventing parents with historical undesirable qualities from multiplying will surely reduce the incidence of said dispositions in the general population. Yet, correlation does not necessarily imply causation. The manipulation of one parameter of the correlation does not inevitably convert it - or the incidence of the outcome. Eugenicists often hark back to wisdom garnered by generations of breeders and farmers. But the unequivocal lesson of thousands of years of quaint selection is that cross-breeding (hybridization) - even of two lines of inferior genetic stock - yields valuable genotypes. Inter-marriage needle races, groups in the population, ethnic groups, and clans is thus walled to improve the species' chance of survival more than any eugenic scheme.
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